Effects on Structure and Abrasion Resistance of GCr15 Steel by Surface Gas-Phase RE Diffused Permea
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出版日期: 十二月 30, 2000
0 IntroductionThere’remanyeffectivemethodsco ncerningaddingRareEarthelements(RE)intostee ls<1>.ApplyingREtosurfacemodification,effor tsfocusonmetaldepositionandmetalalloybylase r<2>.Thispaperputsforwardanewcompoundtechno logywhichhasnotbeenreported,thatis,thesteel surfacereceiveslaserirradiationtreatmentaft ergasphaseREdiffusedpermeation.Thistechnolo gyiseffectiveinimprovingthesurfacemicrostru ctureofsamplesfurther,activatingtheactiveef fectsofRE,aswelldecreasingtheconcentrationg radientofREinthesurfacecausedbythermalperme ation.Aftercompoundtreatment,themicrostruct ureofsamplessurfaceismoreuniformandcomparat ivethanthoseofuntreated.Inallthecomprehensi vepropertiesofthesteelsurfaceareenhanced.1 ExperimentalmethodTheexperimentalmaterialis GCr15steelmachinedintodifferentshapesneeded .Thepretreatmentstepsaretopolishanddegrease thesurface.TheequipmentforgasphaseREdiffuse dpermeation(shortforDP)isasmallself-madecru ciblefurnacespecialforcarbonpermeation.Thep ermeatingagentisREmixtureandtheDPtimeis4hrw ithtemperaturesetin860℃±0.5℃.Theequipmentfo rlasermeltingsolidificationisOPOlasersystem manufacturedbyContimum,anU.S.company.Thespo tareais24.0mm2andthescanrateis1mm/swithpowe rdensity6.7×106W/cm2.Onthesamplessurface,HV valueistestedbyhardnesstestingmachineofHATA CHI,andtheabrasionresistanceisexaminedwithM 200abrasionmeter.SEMisappliedforobservingth echangesofsurfacemicrostructurebeforeandaft ertreatment.Thesurfacecompositionanalysisis studiedwithXPS,etchingbyArgonwithtestingpar ametersbeing1.2kVand20mA,andtheresultsispro oftestedbyC1s,inconjunctionwithArgoncleanin gbeforetreatment.2 ResultsandDiscussion2.1 TheDistributionofMicrohardnessThetestingofm icrohardnessdistributioninlongitudinalsecti onisconductedinthreedifferentgroups:blanksa mples,samplestreatedbyREpermeationandsample streatedbythecompoundtechnology.Thecurveofm icrohardnessdistributionisshowninFigure1.As canbeenseen,thevalueofmicrohardnessofblanks amples,whichrepresentsthevalueofmatrix,is21 0HV;thevalueofsamplestreatedbyREpermeationi sincreasedto1045HV,whichisduetothepresenceo fRE’shelpingotherelementsactivelypermeatein tothesurfaceofsamples,andthereforeimproving theprofileofmicrostructure.Furthermore,thev alueofthosetreatedbythecompoundtechnologyri sesmoreandthepeakis1450HV.Thecurvecanobviou slybedividedintothreezones:meltedzone,therm alinfluencezoneandmatrixzone.Thesharpincrea seofmicrohardnessistheresultsofbothrapidmel tingsolidificationoflaserandtheeffectofREas activeelements.Inveryshorttime,thepowerfull asercancreatemeltedpoolsinthesteelsurfaceto somecertaindepth,inwhichthecrystalnucleuses arefrozenatthebeginningstageforthecomprehen siveeffectsoftension,thegtacitigsoftheovera llmaterials,thestircausedbyconcentrationgra dientofactiveelementsinsurface,thedecreased energyduetoREnecessarilyneededforcrystalmuc leusestoformthecriticalsizewithtensiondecre asing,andtheconsequentlymultipliednumberofc rystalnucleuses.Allthesecontributetothefact sthatthesurfacestructureisfineanduniform,so themicrohardnessisimproved.Fig.1 Thecurveof GCr15steelmicrohardnessdistribution22 Abras ionTestingTheresultsofabrasiontestingonthre egroupsofsamplesaregiveninTable1andFig.2.Th edatashowthattheabrasionofblanksamplesishug e;afterREpermeation,theweightlossforabrasio nhasbeenreducedto22%ofblanksamplesandto14%o fblankoneswithlaser2treatmentafterwards.Tab 1 AbrasionresultsofthreegroupsofsamplesTrea tmethodInitialweight/mgSecondaryweight/mgWe ightlossforabrasion/mgBlank4.92214.91586.3R Epermeation4.95024.88521.4Compoundtreatment 4.95024.94930.9Fig.2 Weightlosscolumnfigure ofthreegroupsofsamples2.3 TheMicrostructure ProfileofSamplesTheSEMphotosofsamplestreate dbyREpermeation(a)andbythecompoundtechnolog y(b)areshowninFig.3.Comparingthetwokindsofp hotos,themicrostructureof(b)ischaracterized by:(1)significantrefinedmicrostructure;(2)r emarkableimprovementinmorphologyanddistribu tionofaborescentcrystal,thatistosay,macrocr ystallhasbeenbrokentomeltintonetworkstructurealike;(3)uniformstructurewithoutheatingcracks.Butwhenweapplylasertreatmenttoblanksamples,theheatingcracksinevitablyoccur<3>.The